{"id":1023,"date":"2017-11-10T19:44:20","date_gmt":"2017-11-10T19:44:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/?p=1023"},"modified":"2020-07-22T00:03:22","modified_gmt":"2020-07-22T00:03:22","slug":"us-guided-piv-placement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/","title":{"rendered":"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mp-row-fluid motopress-row mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-clmn mp-span12  mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-text-obj\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Background<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Nearly 30% of all patients who visit the ED in the US each year will require venous access. Bedside ultrasound-guided\u00a0peripheral IVs (USGPIV) offer an alternative to central venous cannulation and external jugular cannulation for patients in which PIV access cannot be obtained, thereby reducing the risks of infection and the need for additional resources that are associated with the aforementioned procedures. The downside to USGPIVs lies in the longevity of this method of venous access, which introduces complications such as extravasation, tissue necrosis and disruption of access.\u00a0 Failure rates are high, with 8% of them failing within the first 8 hours, and 47% failing within the first 24 hours. The authors of this weeks article speculate that this is due to the nature of the vessels targeted by ultrasound (US), being that they are often deeper and smaller veins in locations that are otherwise difficult to access without specialized imaging. This article will explore the influence of various vessel characteristics on the success and longevity of the USGPIVs, including vessel depth, diameter, and location.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22078967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mp-row-fluid motopress-row mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-clmn mp-span12  mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-obj motopress-accordion motopress-accordion-dark\" data-atts=\"{&quot;active&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;collapsible&quot;:true,&quot;header&quot;:&quot;&gt; div &gt; h3&quot;,&quot;heightStyle&quot;:&quot;content&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>Clinical Question<\/h3><div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">How do specific characteristics of a vessel determine the success and longevity of a USGPIV?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>Methods & Study Design <\/h3><div>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><strong>Design<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>A retrospective chart review of a previously gathered database of difficult intravenous access (DIVA) patients who underwent USGPIV placement in the ED<\/li>\n<li>Data included images and measurements of the vessel\u2019s depth, diameter and location as well as survival time of the IV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Urban tertiary care center with a 4-yr EM residency and an US fellowship<\/li>\n<li>Study period: Dec 2007-May 2008<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inclusion criteria<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>All DIVA patients: A DIVA patient is defined as someone with 2 failed peripheral IV attempts or a history of DIVA with\u00a0inability to visualize or palpate a target vein on physical exam<\/li>\n<li>DIVA patient must have underwent successful USGPIV placement in ED<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exclusion criteria<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>There were no specific exclusion criteria however patients were excluded for several reasons:\n<ul>\n<li>18 for inability to establish USGPIV using study protocol<\/li>\n<li>12 for lack of charting to accurately determine time of IV removal<\/li>\n<li>2 for failure of consensus of at least 2 of the 3 blinded independent chart reviewers on timing or outcome of IV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intervention<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>USGPIVs were placed by 2 PGY-2s, 1 PGY-3, and 1 US fellow, all met ACEP guidelines (at least 10 USGPIVs previously performed)\n<ul>\n<li>Successful IV placement was defined as aspiration of 5 mL of blood and ability to flush the line without resistance<\/li>\n<li>Only 20-gauge, 48-mm-long (Angiocath Autoguard;BD Medical Systems, Sandy, UT) catheters were used for USGPIV placement<\/li>\n<li>During USGPIV placement, vessels were measured for depth and diameter, and location was noted on a diagram of the upper extremity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Outcomes<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Failure rate of USGPIV based on depth, diameter, and location\n<ul>\n<li>2 blinded independent chart reviewers followed successfully placed USGPIVs for 48 hours or until failure, whichever came first<\/li>\n<li>Failures were defined as IVs that infiltrated, dislodged, stopped working or were discontinued prematurely<\/li>\n<li>IVs removed on patients that no longer required access were not considered failures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>Results<\/h3><div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1024\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1024\" style=\"width: 1844px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1024 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png?resize=525%2C333\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"333\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Calculated USGPIV survival curves for vessels at given depths and location from Fields et al.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Statistical Analysis<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Vessel depth divided into 3 zones: shallow (0.4 cm), intermediate (0.4-1.19 cm), and deep (\u22651.2 cm); Intravenous diameter was divided into 4 groups (<0.3, 0.3-0.39, 0.4-0.49, and \u22650.5 cm);<\/li>\n<li>Vessel location was divided into proximal (brachial region) and distal (antecubital fossa, forearm, or hand veins).<\/li>\n<li>Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to measure time-to-failure and remove potential confounder of IVs that were removed for discharge or no longer needed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Findings<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>At 48 hrs, 48 (32%) had failed because of dislodgment, infiltration, or patient discomfort\n<ul>\n<li>20 (42%) infiltrated<\/li>\n<li>11 (23%) dislodged<\/li>\n<li>16 (33%) were not flushing<\/li>\n<li>1 removed for discomfort<\/li>\n<li>36 (24%) were removed for routine reasons<\/li>\n<li>67 (44%) were still in place and without incident<\/li>\n<li>There was no difference in patient characteristics of IVs that failed vs. those that did not fail<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis\u00a0<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Depth<\/em><\/strong>: Survival probability excellent (1.00) for shallow vessels, moderate (0.62) for intermediate vessels, poor (0.29) for deep vessels <strong>STRONGEST PREDICTOR<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Location<\/em><\/strong>: antecubital fossa or forearm associated with improved survival when compared with proximal placement in brachial or basilic vein (0.93 vs. 0.71)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Diameter<\/em><\/strong>: no significant difference<\/li>\n<li>For each increase of 0.2 cm in depth, odds of failure at 48 hrs increases by <em><strong>hazard ratio of 1.36<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li>Placement in proximal vs. distal location increases odds of failure by <em><strong>hazard ratio 2.76<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>Strengths & Limitations<\/h3><div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Strengths<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>No difference in patient characteristics between failed and successful USGPIVs<\/li>\n<li>Recruited difficult IV access patients from urban academic tertiary ED which is likely representative of true difficult access patient population and can be generalized to other EDs<\/li>\n<li>2 independent reviewers used for retrospective chart review<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Limitations<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Outcome variable (survivability) was gathered retrospectively; potential bias in rapid realization of IV failure and clear documentation<\/li>\n<li>Possible that failed catheters were documented as \u201cremoved\u201d because they were no longer needed or another access was obtained<\/li>\n<li>Did not account for certain factors: nature of the infusion, how often IV accessed, movement of extremity, use of fixation device<\/li>\n<li>Only assessed using 20-gauge, 48-mm IV<\/li>\n<li>Small group of sonographers performed data collection, they\u00a0may\u00a0be more skilled than general population of emergency physicians<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>Author's Conclusions <\/h3><div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u201cUltrasound provides a useful rescue method for establishing IV access in patients with DIVA. The current study reveals 2 factors that significantly affect the durability of these IVs\u2014 depth and location. Using a 48-mm catheter, vessels of 1.2 cm or more deep have a high likelihood of USGPIV failure and should only be cannulated when other options are not available. Vessels of less than 0.4 cm deep yield the best USGPIV longevity. Forearm and antecubital sites are more enduring than those in the upper arm. Understanding of these associations will help the sonologist select the optimal vessel for successful USGPIV cannulation and longevity.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>Our Conclusions<\/h3><div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Depth should be the primary consideration when selecting a vessel for USGPIV access. Due to high immediate failure rates, vessels of 1.2 cm deep or more deep should be avoided and other means of obtaining venous access should be considered. Providers should also take into consideration the location of IV placement. If it is anticipated that a patient will require IV access for longer than the immediate stay in the emergency department, then proximally-located IVs should be avoided given their high failure rate at 18 hours. This failure may be explained by the fact that proximal vessels are located closer to the axilla and usually embedded in looser skin containing more subcutaneous fat with greater potential for dislodgment upon movement of the extremity. Therefore, providers should consider how long the patient will be requiring access as well as how often the patient will be required to move the extremity in making decisions regarding venous access. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mp-row-fluid motopress-row mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-clmn mp-span12  mpce-prvt-449-595bfa801309a mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-text-obj\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">The Bottom Line<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">USGPIVs that are placed in more superficial (&lt;1.2 cm) and&nbsp;distal (forearm\/antecubital space)&nbsp;veins have a significantly higher likelihood of survival&nbsp;at 48 hours and these factors should strongly be considered when evaluating for a target for IV placement.<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mp-row-fluid motopress-row mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-clmn mp-span12  mpce-dsbl-margin-left mpce-dsbl-margin-right\">\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-obj motopress-accordion motopress-accordion-dark\" data-atts=\"{&quot;active&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;collapsible&quot;:true,&quot;header&quot;:&quot;&gt; div &gt; h3&quot;,&quot;heightStyle&quot;:&quot;content&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>Authors<\/h3><div>\n<p>This post was written by Courtney Shay, MS4 at George Washington University. It was reviewed by Michael Macias, MD, Ultrasound Fellow at UCSD.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"motopress-accordion-item\"><h3>References <\/h3><div>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p class=\"referenceString selectable\">Fields JM, e. (2017).\u00a0<i>The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity. - PubMed - NCBI\u00a0<\/i>.\u00a0<i>Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov<\/i>. Retrieved 10 November 2017, from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22078967<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Background Nearly 30% of all patients who visit the ED in the US each year will require venous access. Bedside ultrasound-guided\u00a0peripheral IVs (USGPIV) offer an alternative to central venous cannulation and external jugular cannulation for patients in which PIV access cannot be obtained, thereby reducing the risks of infection and the need for additional resources &hellip; <p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity\"<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[35],"class_list":["post-1023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-journal-club","tag-vascular-access"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity - UCSD Ultrasound<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity - UCSD Ultrasound\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Background Nearly 30% of all patients who visit the ED in the US each year will require venous access. Bedside ultrasound-guided\u00a0peripheral IVs (USGPIV) offer an alternative to central venous cannulation and external jugular cannulation for patients in which PIV access cannot be obtained, thereby reducing the risks of infection and the need for additional resources &hellip; Continue reading &quot;The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UCSD Ultrasound\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-11-10T19:44:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-07-22T00:03:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"UCSD Ultrasound\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ucsdsono\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ucsdsono\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"UCSD Ultrasound\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"UCSD Ultrasound\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b29066b4104637bc43b8a1c79c2cda34\"},\"headline\":\"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-11-10T19:44:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-07-22T00:03:22+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1222,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Vascular Access\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Journal Club\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/\",\"name\":\"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity - UCSD Ultrasound\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-11-10T19:44:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-07-22T00:03:22+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/2017\\\/11\\\/10\\\/us-guided-piv-placement\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/\",\"name\":\"UCSD Ultrasound\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"UCSD Ultrasound\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/05\\\/Site-Icon.png?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/05\\\/Site-Icon.png?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1\",\"width\":500,\"height\":500,\"caption\":\"UCSD Ultrasound\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/ucsdsono\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCUfU0zba7gBUhMWngISV4lw\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b29066b4104637bc43b8a1c79c2cda34\",\"name\":\"UCSD Ultrasound\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/17bb7447707466629ca47231e7c8d1bc5b82ab3236e9c578ace4202055df2b2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/17bb7447707466629ca47231e7c8d1bc5b82ab3236e9c578ace4202055df2b2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/17bb7447707466629ca47231e7c8d1bc5b82ab3236e9c578ace4202055df2b2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"UCSD Ultrasound\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/em-admin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity - UCSD Ultrasound","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity - UCSD Ultrasound","og_description":"Background Nearly 30% of all patients who visit the ED in the US each year will require venous access. Bedside ultrasound-guided\u00a0peripheral IVs (USGPIV) offer an alternative to central venous cannulation and external jugular cannulation for patients in which PIV access cannot be obtained, thereby reducing the risks of infection and the need for additional resources &hellip; Continue reading \"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity\"","og_url":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/","og_site_name":"UCSD Ultrasound","article_published_time":"2017-11-10T19:44:20+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-07-22T00:03:22+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"UCSD Ultrasound","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@ucsdsono","twitter_site":"@ucsdsono","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"UCSD Ultrasound","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/"},"author":{"name":"UCSD Ultrasound","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/b29066b4104637bc43b8a1c79c2cda34"},"headline":"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity","datePublished":"2017-11-10T19:44:20+00:00","dateModified":"2020-07-22T00:03:22+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/"},"wordCount":1222,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png","keywords":["Vascular Access"],"articleSection":["Journal Club"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/","url":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/","name":"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity - UCSD Ultrasound","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png","datePublished":"2017-11-10T19:44:20+00:00","dateModified":"2020-07-22T00:03:22+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-10-at-11.14.03-AM.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/2017\/11\/10\/us-guided-piv-placement\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on US guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/","name":"UCSD Ultrasound","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#organization","name":"UCSD Ultrasound","url":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Site-Icon.png?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/emultrasound.sdsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Site-Icon.png?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1","width":500,"height":500,"caption":"UCSD Ultrasound"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/ucsdsono","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCUfU0zba7gBUhMWngISV4lw"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/b29066b4104637bc43b8a1c79c2cda34","name":"UCSD Ultrasound","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/17bb7447707466629ca47231e7c8d1bc5b82ab3236e9c578ace4202055df2b2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/17bb7447707466629ca47231e7c8d1bc5b82ab3236e9c578ace4202055df2b2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/17bb7447707466629ca47231e7c8d1bc5b82ab3236e9c578ace4202055df2b2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"UCSD Ultrasound"},"url":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/author\/em-admin\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1023","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1023"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1023\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1709,"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1023\/revisions\/1709"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1023"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1023"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emultrasound.ucsd.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1023"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}